- Gerald Kelly

          These are rather extensive extra-linguistic, specifically, social or context of situation, limitations on the usage of personal pronouns, particularly 2nd and 3rd persons. A Brief summary is given here:

1st person:
1st person singular:
           ne;nu 'I' offers little difficulty. Some use, particularly by older generation speakers in Telangana, of me;mu "We" for other dialects, me;mu is regarded as pompous or arrogant by coastal dialect speakers. The usage is, in fact, usually influenced by the use of ham "We" by local Urdu speakers. For me;mu users, Urdu is ordinarily regarded as a language of elegance and politeness; other dialect speakers are either unaware of the influence or despite it, with the same results.

1st person plural:
           The major feature here is between me;mu 'exclusive' and manam 'inclusive' The distinction is obligatory.

2nd person Singular:
           Two forms, nuwwu and ni;wu have currency as second singulars. The latter is bookish or archaic for most speakers, but can be heard from conservative speakers, particularly among the older generation and the traditionally educated. Generally, the social conditions of usage for second singular are theses.

• Outside the family, among close friends, most frequently but not exclusively of the same sex.
• In addressing social inferiors, especially servants in abuse.
• Within the nuclear family.
• In addressing members of the extended family younger than the speaker.
• In addressing older members of the family with whom there is frequent social contact. In conservative families this usafge would not extend to addressing the father or, in some cases, the mother.
• Usage varies for addressing in-laws with whom there is little social contact;
• Nuwwu would be proper for an elder brother's wife resident with the family, except among conservative groups, mi;ru (see below) is otherwise more common.

2nd person plural/respectful:
           Mi;ru. This form is used generally in addressing froups of any social character. It is also appropriate in addressing individuals under the following conditions:

           1) Strangers of respectable aspect or acquaintances with whom social relations are strictly formal.

           2) Social, economic or occupational superiors.

2nd person respectful
           Tamaru. This term may be singular or plural. Its use indicates the recognition of extreme social distance between the speaker and the person address. In earlier times, it was appropriate for the addressing finials. Today, its usage is limited to peasants addressing tax collectors, beggars seeking help, and appropriate circumstances, students addressing professors, In general, it is regarded as inappropriate for any occasion by the middle classes.

3rd person singular, masculine wa : Du / wa : NDu
           This term, unlike those discussed below, is invariably singular. The later form is archaic, but is still in use among rural older generation speakers. Its usage is appropriate in the following situations:

• In referring to a close friend.
• In referring to a social inferior, whether by caste or occupation, unless the usagfe would offend the democratic sensibilities of the person addressed.
• In referring to individuals for whom the use of mi:ru in address is hypocritical or simply in-sincere.
• In referring to younger male members of the family, exclusive of in-laws.

3rd person singular masculine aTanu/aTaDu
           This form is also always singular, aTaDu is archaic or bookish, but may be heard from the traditionally oriented or the conservatively inclined. It is appropriate in the following situations:

• In referring to strangers of respectable aspect or acquaintances wqith whom social relations are strictly formal.
• By democratic speakers, in stressing the lack of social distance between speaker and individuals for whom a conservative speaker might use wa:Du under condition2 above.

3rd person singular mascular :
ayana

           This form is used to refer to part of the group addressed as mi:ru under condition2 above. It is appropriate in the following circumstances;

• In referring to individuals whose social level is similar or superior to the speaker's, including older members of the family (whether addressed as Inuwwu or mi:ru) except when the person addressed is a relative of the person referred to, but not of the speaker (see below).

3rd person plural/singular respectful:
Wa/ru

           This form is the regular 3rd plural pronoun form for referring to humans. It has restricted usage as a singular referent as well. It is appropriate under the following conditions:

• When addressing a person who is related to the referee but not to the speaker and both the addressee and the referee are recognized as respectable.
• Rarely, to show respect for a particularly eminent woman, such as a minister or state governor.
• Among lower class speakers, especially servants, regularly to refer to any member of the employing family.

3rd [erspm singular feminine"
A:me

           This the regular referent for females whose social level is similar or superior to the speaker's. Increasingly, especially ion urban areas, it is also employed to refer to females of lower social background to emphasize the breakdown of traditional social discrimiminations.

3rd person singular
Adi

           This is the regular referent for non-human nouns. Applied to women, it is appropriate under the following conditions:

• To call attention to the inferior status of a woman in relation to the speaker.
• In abuse.
• Within the family, to refer to younger females, exclusive of in-laws. In some conservative groups, also to refer to sisters older than the sp0eaker.
• In reference to females addressed as mi:ru, where the respectful address is insincerely meant.

3rd plural respectful:
Wa:ru

           Used as a plural form for humans. Wa:ru always implies some respect.

3rd plural human
Wa:LLu

           This form is socially colourless or ambiguous, it may variously be employed for groups whose members are referred to by wa:Du, ayana, wa:ru, a:me, or (if in reference to ;a female) adi.

3rd person plural non-human:
Awi:

           This is the regular pronoun referent for non-human nouns.

( from 'A Grammar of Telugu' – manuscript )

KÇOã^Ή§

„¬^Î"Ë~ò `³°Q®°"Œ_¨

           J^Í h `³°Q®° "Í°_¨

           ‹¬OïHˆ×ä …èx <́

           ‹¬O`Ë+¬ KÇOã^Ή§

           N N